A glycine-conjugated form of cholic acid; has roles in the emulsification of fats; reduces expression of the gene encoding FXR and increases expression of the genes encoding the bile acid receptors TGR5 and S1PR2 in SNU-245 cells at 1.6 μmol/ml; increases the intracellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of epirubicin in Caco-2 cells at 250 μM, as well as decreases expression of the genes encoding MDR1, MRP1, and MRP2 when used alone or in combination with epirubicin; increases absorption of epirubicin into everted sacs of rat ileum and jejunum at 250 μM; bile acid composition ratio of glycocholic acid is elevated in bile of patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared with patients with pancreatic cancer or benign biliary diseases; serum levels are elevated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma compared with healthy individuals