Donkey Secondary Antibodies
Biotium NSE gamma (Neuron Specific Enolase, gamma) (Neuroendocrine Marker) (ENO2/1375), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This antibody recognizes a protein of about 50 kDa, which is identified as gamma-enolase. Three isoenzymes of enolases are identified, alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha-isoform is expressed in most tissues, whereas beta-form is expressed predominantly in muscle tissue whereas gamma-enolase is found only in nervous tissue. These isoforms exist as both homodimers and heterodimers, and they play a role in converting phosphoglyceric acid to phosphenolpyruvic acid in the glycolytic pathway. NSE-gamma is a useful marker to identify peripheral nerves and tumors of neuro-endocrine origins, such as pheochromocytomas. It it be usually employed in combination with other markers such as Synaptophysin, Chromogranin A, and Neurofilament.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecti
Biotium TIA1 (T-Cell-Restricted Intracellular Antigen-1) (TIA1/1313), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
TIA-1 (T-cell intracytoplasmic antigen) is a cytoplasmic granule-associated protein expressed in lymphocytes processing cytolytic potential. TIA-1 is a member of an RNA-binding protein family and possesses nucleolytic activity against cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. It has been suggested that this protein may be involved in the induction of apoptosis as it preferentially recognizes poly(A) homopolymers and induces DNA fragmentation in CTL targets. The major granule-associated species is a 15 kDa protein thought to be derived from the carboxyl terminus of the 40 kDa product by proteolytic processing. TIA1 antibody labels cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells (NK cells). It is also expressed in T-cell lymphoma, large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia and hairy cell leukemia. TIA1 expression in T-cell malignancies may help in differentiating LGL leukemia (high expression) from T-cell lymphocytosis and other T-cell diseases (low expression). TIA1 may also be used t
Biotium CD99 / MIC2 (Ewing s Sarcoma Marker) (MIC2/1495R), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This antibody recognizes a sialoglycoprotein of 27-32 kDa, identified as CD99, or MIC2 gene product, or E2 antigen. MIC2 gene is located in the pseudo-autosomal region of the human X and Y chromosome. MIC2 gene encodes two distinct proteins, which are produced by alternative splicing of the CD99 gene transcript and are identified as bands of 30 and 32 kDa (p30/32). Although its function is not fully understood, CD99 is implicated in various cellular processes including homotypic aggregation of T cells, upregulation of T cell receptor and MHS molecules, apoptosis of immature thymocytes and leukocyte diapedesis. CD99 is expressed on the cell membrane of some lymphocytes, cortical thymocytes, and granulosa cells of the ovary. Most pancreatic islet cells, Sertoli cells of the testis, and some endothelial cells express this antigen. Mature granulocytes express very little or no CD99. MIC2 is strongly expressed on Ewing s sarcoma cells and primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumor
Biotium Insulin(E2-E3 + 2D11-H5), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Recognizes a polypeptide which is identified as insulin, a 51-amino acid polypeptide composed of A and B chains connected through the C-peptide. Proinsulin, which has very little biological activity, is cleaved by proteases within its cell of origin into the insulin molecule and the C-terminal basic residue. Insulin enhances membrane transport of glucose, amino acids, and certain ions. It also promotes glycogen storage, formation of triglycerides, and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Deficiency of insulin results in diabetes mellitus. The main storage site for insulin is the pancreatic islets. Antibodies to insulin are important as beta-cell and insulinoma marker.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have
Biotium Spectrin beta III (SPTBN2) (SPTBN2/1247), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Spectrin is an actin binding protein that is a major component of the plasma membrane skeleton. Spectrins function as membrane organizers and stabilizers by forming dimers, tetramers and higher polymers. Vertebrate spectrins have two alpha-subunits (alpha-I/alpha-II), four beta-subunits (beta-I-beta-IV) and a beta-H subunit creating diversity and specialization of function. Spectrin alpha and spectrin beta are present in erythrocytes, whereas spectrin alpha II (also designated fodrin alpha) and spectrin beta I (also designated fodrin beta) are present in other somatic cells. The spectrin tetramers in erythrocytes act as barriers to lateral diffusion, but spectrin dimers seem to lack this function. Spectrin beta III is highly homologous to both spectrin beta I and spectrin beta II. Spectrin beta III is highly expressed in brain, kidney, pancreas and liver, and at lower levels in lung and placenta. Spectrin beta 3 is primarily expressed in nervous tissues with highest expressio
Biotium PMEPA1 / TMEPAI (Tumor Suppressor Oncoprotein)(PMEPA1/2697), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
PMEPA1 (prostate transmembrane protein, androgen induced 1 is a 287 amino acid single-pass membrane protein that contains WW-binding motifs and localizes to the cell membrane. Expressed at high levels in prostate, kidney and ovary, PMEPA1 interacts with NEDD4 and may play a role in regulating AR (androgen receptor) levels, specifically in prostate cells. Down regulation of PMEPA1 is observed in prostate tumors, suggesting that PMEPA1 may exhibit activity as a tumor suppressor. Overexpression of this protein may play a role in multiple types of cancer.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background than other dye colors.
Biotium AMACR / p504S (Prostate Cancer Marker) (AMACR/1723), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This antibody recognizes a protein of 42 kDa, which is identified as Alpha-methylacyl-CoA Racemase (AMACR), also known as p504S. It is an enzyme that is involved in bile acid biosynthesis and beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids. AMACR is essential in lipid metabolism. It is expressed in cells of premalignant high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostate adenocarcinoma. The majority of the carcinoma cells show a distinct granular cytoplasmic staining reaction. AMACR is present at low or undetectable levels in glandular epithelial cells of normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia. A spotty granular cytoplasmic staining is seen in a few cells of the benign glands. AMACR is expressed in normal liver (hepatocytes), kidney (tubular epithelial cells) and gall bladder (epithelial cells). Expression has also been found in lung (bronchial epithelial cells) and colon (colonic surface epithelium). AMACR expression can also be found in hepatocellular
Biotium Desmoglein-1 (DSG1) (18D4), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This antibody recognizes a protein of ~150 kDa, identified as Desmoglein-1 (DSG1). Desmoglein-1 is a member of the desmosomal cadherin family. Desmosomes are intercellular adhering junctions that represent cell surface attachment sites for intermediate filament. Desmocollins and desmogleins are the main desmosomal transmembrane proteins. Desmogleins consist of Dsg1, Dsg2, Dsg3, and Dsg4 isoforms. Within the desmosome, the extracellular domain of desmoglein is essential for calcium dependent heterophilic binding to the desmocollins, whereas the intracellular domain is essential for binding to the desmosomal plaque protein, plakoglobin. Desmoglein 1 is synthesized exclusively in the suprabasal layers. Intact and functionally active desmoglein 1 is essential to epidermal integrity.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent
Biotium MALT-1(MT1/410), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 (MALT1) is found in extranodal low-grade B cell lymphomas. MALT1 encodes two Ig-like C2-type domains and fuses with an API2 gene, which is highly expressed in adult lymphoid tissue. The translocation of this MALT1 gene, which maps to human chromosome 18q21, and the apoptosis-inhibiting API2 gene results in an increased development of MALT lymphomas and apoptosis inhibition. Sites at which this API2-MALT1 (11;18)(q21;q21) translocation commonly occurs are within human lung and kidney tissue. MALT lymphoma expresses nuclear Bcl10, which mediates the oligomerization and activation of a MALT1 caspase-like domain. MALT1 mRNA is found in pre-B cells, mature B cells and plasma cells.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not re
Biotium 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase(CPTC-OGG1-1), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase (OGG1), otherwise known as N-Glycosylase/DNA lyase, is the enzyme responsible for the excision of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a mutagenic base by-product which occurs as a result of exposure to reactive oxygen. The action of this enzyme includes lyase activity for chain cleavage. Accumulation of 8-oxoG increases the occurrence of A:T to C:G or G:C to T:A transversion mutations, because 8-oxoG forms a stable basepair with adenine as well as with cytosine. The OGG1 gene encodes eight isoforms (OGG1A-C, OGG2A-E) which result from alternative splicing of a single messenger RNA. The OGG1A splice variant is the most prevalent form and localizes to the nucleus, whereas the OGG2A splice variant is targeted to the mitochondria. Defects in OGG1 may be a cause of renal cell carcinoma. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of bl
Biotium Cytokeratin 20 (KRT20) (Colorectal Epithelial Marker)(KRT20/3129R), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This MAb recognizes an intermediate filament protein of 46 kDa, identified as cytokeratin 20 (KRT20). KRT20 is abundantly expressed in goblet cells and enterocytes of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a useful marker of pancreatic and colorectal cancer. KRT20 is expressed under normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic conditions. It has been detected in adenocarcinomas of the colon, stomachand biliary tract. Breast carcinomas are generally non-reactive. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background than other dye colors.
Biotium Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) / CD66(C66/1260), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This antibody recognizes proteins of 80-200 kDa, identified as different members of CEA family. CEA is synthesized during development in the fetal gut and is re-expressed in increased amounts in intestinal carcinomas and several other tumors. This MAb reacts with nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA). It shows no reaction with a variety of normal tissues and is suitable for staining of formalin/paraffin tissues. CEA is not found in benign glands, stroma, or malignant prostatic cells. Antibody to CEA is useful in detecting early foci of gastric carcinoma and in distinguishing pulmonary adenocarcinomas (60-70% are CEA ) from pleural mesotheliomas (rarely or weakly CEA ). Anti-CEA positivity is seen in adenocarcinomas from the lung, colon, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, gallbadder, urachus, salivary gland, ovary, and endocervix. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and pho
Biotium Tyrosinase (Melanoma Marker)(rOCA1/812), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Recognizes a cluster of proteins between 70-80 kDa, identified as tyrosinase. Occasionally a minor band at 55 kDa is also detected. This MAb shows no cross-reaction with MAGE-1 and tyrosinase-related protein 1, TRP-1/gp75. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloglycoprotein that catalyzes several steps in the melanin pigment biosynthetic pathway; the hydroxylation of tyrosine to L-3, 4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (dopa), and the subsequent oxidation of dopa to dopaquinone. Mutations of the tyrosinase gene occur in various forms of albinism. Tyrosinase is one of the targets for cytotoxic T-cell recognition in melanoma patients. Staining of melanomas with this MAb shows tyrosinase in melanotic as well as amelanotic variants. This MAb is a useful marker for melanocytes and melanomas. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes
Biotium Desmocollin-2/3(rDSC2/3437), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Desmosomes are intercellular adhering junctions that represent cell surface attachment sites for intermediate filament. The desmosome is subdivided into two regions. The plaque region lies adjacent to the plasma, and is believed to contain molecules that attach the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to the desmosome. The core region is composed of transmembrane glycoproteins that are thought to mediate cell-cell adhesion. Desmogleins and desmocollins are the main desmosomal transmembrane proteins. These desmosomal glycoproteins belong to the members of the cadherin family of adhesion molecules. Three different isoforms of both desmogleins and desmocollins have been identified, named as desmoglein 1-3 and desmocollins. Desmosomal cadherins showed differentiation-specific expression in the human epidermis, although the functional significance of this differential expression is not fully understood. Desmocollin-1 can be found in the upper layers. The expression of desmocollin-2
Biotium Ubiquitin (Autophagy Marker)(UBB/3143R), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Ubiquitin is a highly conserved and plays an essential role in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In ubiquitination process, it is first activated by forming a thiol-ester complex with the activation component E1, which is then transferred to ubiquitin-carrier protein E2, followed by to ubiquitin ligase E3 for final delivery to epsilon-NH2 of the target protein lysine residue. IkB, p53, cdc25A, Bcl-2 etc. are shown as targets of ubiquitin-proteasome process as part of regulation of cell cycle progression, differentiation, cell stress response, and apoptosis. Moreover, ubiquitin have been reported to bind covalently with pathological inclusions which are resistant to degradation e. g. neurofibrillary tangles/paired helical filaments in Alzheimer's disease, Lewy bodies seen in Parkinson's disease, and Pick bodies found in Pick's disease etc. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightn