Mouse Secondary Antibodies
Biotium Human Immunoglobulin Alpha (IgA) Heavy Chain(rHISA43), CF568 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This MAb is specific to heavy chain of IgA and shows minimal cross-reaction with heavy chains of other immunoglobulins. It is reactive with all subclasses of Alpha heavy chain. Immunoglobulins are four-chain, Y-shaped, monomeric structures comprised of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains held together through inter-chain disulfide bonds. The chains form two domains, the Fab (antigen binding) fragment and the Fc (constant) fragment. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the main protein of the mucosal immune system. It is generated by B-cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Daily production of IgA exceeds that of any of the other immunoglobulins. IgA exists mainly in dimers but can also exist as polymers or as monomers. Dimers and polymers contain a joining (J) chain that can be bound by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) for transportation of the molecule to mucosal surfaces. The most common feature of plasmacytomas, and certain non-Hodgkins lymphomas
Biotium Cytochrome P450 1A1/1A2(MC1), CF488A conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Cytochrome P450 oxidase (commonly abbreviated CYP) is a generic term for a large number of related, but distinct, oxidative enzymes important in vertebrate physiology. The cytochrome P450 mixed-function monooxygenase system is probably the most important element of Phase I metabolism in mammals. P450s are membrane-bound, either in the inner membrane of mitochondria or in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells where they metabolise thousands of endogenous and exogenous compounds. In the liver, these substrates include toxins, drugs, and other unneeded and potentially harmful molecules. Humans have 18 families of cytochrome P450 genes and 43 subfamilies; the CYP1 family is involved in drug metabolism and includes 3 subfamilies, 3 genes and 1 pseudogene.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405
Biotium Spectrin beta III (SPTBN2)(rSPTBN2/1778), CF568 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Spectrin is an actin binding protein that is a major component of the plasma membrane skeleton. Spectrins function as membrane organizers and stabilizers by forming dimers, tetramers and higher polymers. Vertebrate spectrins have two alpha-subunits (alpha-I/alpha-II) four beta-subunits (beta-I-beta-IV) and a beta-H subunit creating diversity and specialization of function. Spectrin and spectrin are present in erythrocytes, whereas spectrin II (also designated fodrin ) and spectrin I (also designated fodrin ) are present in other somatic cells. The spectrin tetramers in erythrocytes act as barriers to lateral diffusion, but spectrin dimers seem to lack this function. Spectrin III is highly homologous to both spectrin I and spectrin II. Spectrin III is highly expressed in brain, kidney, pancreas and liver, and at lower levels in lung and placenta. Spectrin beta 3 is primarily expressed in nervous tissues with highest expression levels in the cerebellum, where it is found in Pur
Biotium von Willebrand Factor / Factor VIII Related-Ag (Endothelial Marker)(rVWF/2480), CF568 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
von Willebrand Factor (vWF) is a multimeric glycoprotein that is found in endothelial cells, plasma and platelets. It acts as a carrier protein for Factor VIII and promotes platelet adhesion and aggregation. vWF undergoes a variety of posttranslational modifications that influence the affinity and availability for Factor VIII, including cleavage of the propeptide and formation of N-terminal disulfide bonds. This antibody helps to establish the endothelial nature of some lesions of disputed histogenesis, e. g. Kaposi's sarcoma and cardiac myxoma. It is widely used for differentiating vascular lesions from those of other tissue differentiation within a panel of other vascular markers although not all tumors of endothelial differentiation contain this antigen. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and
Biotium TRAF1 (TNFR-Associated Factor 1) (Lymphomatoid Papulosis Marker)(TRAF1/3298), Biotin conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
This MAb recognizes a protein of 52 kDa, which is identified as TNFR1 (TNFR-associated factor 1). CD30-positive lymphoproliferations of the skin comprise 30% of all primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs). Besides borderline cases this group includes lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) and primary cutaneous anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (cALCL). Although the two entities overlap clinically, histopathologically, immunopathologically and genetically, they differ considerably in their prognosis. In particular, common feature of both cases is histologically the presence of atypical lymphoid CD30-positive T blasts and genetically a clonal T-cell-receptor rearrangement. However, both cases differ considerably in their clinical course: Lesions of LyP regress spontaneously, whereas those of cALCL persist and may progress and spread. Moreover, LyP patients do not benefit from an aggressive radio- and/or chemotherapeutic approach, in contrast to patients with cALCL. Besides, LyP and cAL
Biotium Nucleophosmin (Acute Myeloid Leukemia Marker)(NPM1/3286), Biotin conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Recognizes a 33 kDa glycoprotein, identified as Nucleophosmin (NPM). It is predominantly localized in the nucleus of cells in most tissues. NPM is involved in ribosomal assembly and rRNA transport. It is an abundant protein that is highly phosphorylated by Cdc2 kinase during mitosis. This phosphoprotein moves between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is thought to be involved in several processes including regulation of the ARF/p53 pathway. A number of genes are fusion partners, in particular the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene on chromosome 2. Mutations in exon 12 affecting the C-terminus of the protein are associated with an aberrant cytoplasmic location. Mutations in this gene are associated with acute myeloid leukemia. The antibody may be a useful aid for classification of acute myeloid leukemia. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugat
Biotium HLA-Pan (MHC II)(rHLA-Pan/3475), CF568 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Reacts with a common epitope of human major histocompatibility (MHC) class II antigens, HLA-DP, -DQ and -DR. Human MHC class II antigens are transmembrane glycoproteins composed of an alpha chain (36 kDa) and a beta chain (27 kDa). They are expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells such as B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and thymic epithelial cells and are also present on activated T lymphocytes. Human MHC class II genes are located in the HLA-D region that encodes at least six alpha and ten beta chain genes. Three loci, DR, DQ and DP, encode the major expressed products of the human class II region. The human MHC class II molecules bind intracellularly processed peptides and present them to T-helper cells. They, therefore, have a critical role in the initiation of the immune response. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates
Biotium Tyrosinase-Related Protein-1 (TYRP-1) (Melanoma Marker)(TYRP1/3282), CF488A conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Reacts with a 75 kDa melanocyte-specific gene product, identified as Tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1). It is involved in melanin synthesis. TRP1 is present on the melanosomal membranes of melanoma, normal melanocytes and nevi. Recent evidence suggests that TRP-1 is involved in maintaining stability of tyrosinase protein and modulating its catalytic activity. TRP-1 is also involved in maintenance of melanosome ultrastructure and affects melanocyte proliferation and cell death. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background than other dye colors.
Biotium Cytochrome C (Mitochondrial Marker)(CYCS/3128R), CF568 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Recognizes an epitope within amino acids 93-104 of pigeon Cytochrome C, a well-characterized mobile electron transport protein that is essential to energy conversion in all aerobic organisms. In mammalian cells, this highly conserved protein is normally localized to the mitochondrial inter-membrane space. More recent studies have identified cytosolic cytochrome c as a factor necessary for activation of apoptosis. During apoptosis, cytochrome c is trans-located from the mitochondrial membrane to the cytosol, where it is required for activation of caspase-3 (CPP32). Overexpression of Bcl-2 has been shown to prevent the translocation of cytochrome c, thereby blocking the apoptotic process. Overexpression of Bax has been shown to induce the release of cytochrome c and to induce cell death. The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria is thought to trigger an apoptotic cascade, whereby Apaf-1 binds to Apaf-3 (caspase-9) in a cytochrome c-dependent manner, leading to caspase-9
Biotium SOX2 (Embryonic Stem Cell Marker)(SOX2/3169R), CF568 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
SOX2 is required for stem cell maintenance in the central nervous system, and it also regulates gene expression in the stomach. SOX2 is necessary for regulating multiple transcription factors that affect Oct 3/4 expression. An essential function of SOX2 is to stabilize embryonic stem cells in a pluripotent state by maintaining the requisite level of Oct 3/4 expression. Reportedly, SOX2 is associated with aggressive phenotypes of breast, head and neck, gastric, colorectal, bladder, and small cell lung cancers. However, SOX2 is expressed in a high percentage of lung squamous cell carcinomas and has been shown to be an independent favorable prognostic marker. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluoresc
Biotium CD209 / DC-SIGN (Pathogen Receptor on Dendritic Cells)(rC209/1781), CF568 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
DC-SIGN is a transmembrane receptor that is expressed on the surface of dendritic cells and macrophages. It is involved in the innate immune system and recognizes numerous evolutionarily divergent pathogens ranging from parasites to viruses. The protein is organized into three distinct domains: an N-terminal transmembrane domain, a tandem-repeat neck domain and C-type lectin carbohydrate recognition domain. The extracellular region consisting of the C-type lectin and neck domains has a dual function as a pathogen recognition receptor and a cell adhesion receptor by binding carbohydrate ligands on the surface of microbes and endogenous cells. The neck region is important for homo-oligomerization, which allows the receptor to bind multivalent ligands with high avidity. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like C
Biotium Lymphocyte Specific Protein 1 (LSP1) / pp52(LSP1/3025), CF740 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
LSP1 is a hematopoietic-expressed gene that encodes an F-actin-binding, leukocyte-specific (including B and T lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages), phosphoprotein. However, mRNA splice variants that do not encode the lympho-specific protein are expressed from this gene in nonlymphoid cell lines as well (myocytes, stromal cells and fibroblasts), suggesting pp52 has a divergent role in signal transduction. The pp52 (LSP1) locus maps to human chromosome 11p15. 5, which is implicated in tumor-related chromosomal translocations found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The pp52 promoter contains key elements that control transcriptional activity including an initiator specifying the unique 5' terminus of pp52 mRNA, tandem pairs of Ets and SP1 motifs, and a single C/EBP motif. LSP1 binds the cytoskeleton and has been implicated in affecting cytoskeletal remodeling in a variety of leukocyte functions, including cell motility and chemotaxis. Primary antibodies are available purifi
Biotium LMO2 (B-Cell Marker)(LMO2/3147R), CF740 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
The LMO2 protein has a central and crucial role in hematopoietic development and is highly conserved. It has a particular function in normal and lymphatic endothelial cells involving the regulation of angiogenesis and lymph-angiogenesis. Immunohistochemical studies have also demonstrated expression of LMO2 in both normal germinal center B-cells and germinal center-derived B-cell lymphomas, including follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The use of anti-LMO2 is valuable as a tool in the identification of lymphomas of B-cell origin. LMO2 is useful in differentiating follicular lymphoma (LMO2 ) from nodal marginal zone lymphoma (LM02-). It also is positive in Hodgkin's and Burkitt's lymphomas. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abun
Biotium Calretinin / Calbindin 2 (Mesothelioma Marker)(CALB2/2807), Biotin conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
Calretinin (also known as Calbindin 2) is a member of the troponin C superfamily. Proteins in this family have 6 EF-hand domains which bind to calcium. Calretinin is a vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein involved in calcium signaling. It is present in subsets of neurons throughout the brain and spinal chord, including sensory ganglia. Antibodies to calretinin are useful in differentiating mesothelioma from adenocarcinomas of the lung. They can also aid in differentiating adrenal cortical neoplasms from pheochromocytomas. Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background than other dye colors.
Biotium RNA Polymerase II(CTD4H8), CF488A conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is an enzyme that is composed of 12 subunits and is responsible for the transcription of protein-coding genes. Transcription initiation requires Pol II-mediated recruitment of transcription machinery to a target promoter, thereby allowing transcription to begin. The largest subunit of Pol II (referred to as RPB1 or RPB205) is a 1, 840 amino acid protein that contains one C2H2-type zinc finger and a C-terminal domain comprised of several heptapeptide repeats. Although Pol II function requires the cooperation of all twelve subunits, the largest subunit conveys Pol II catalytic activity and, together with the second largest subunit, forms the active center of the Pol II enzyme. Additionally, the large subunit participates in forming the DNA-binding domain of Pol II, a groove that is necessary for transcription of the DNA template. Without proper function of the large subunit, mRNA synthesis and subsequent transcription elongation cannot occur. Primary