Eugenol (97-53-0) is a small-molecule modulator that exerts its biological activity by modulating intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels interrupting gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) It disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) at concentrations between 10 and 100 M and at higher doses affects intracellular calcium homeostasis and pH stability In experimental cell-based studies eugenol demonstrates moderate MMP disruption with a reported cellular IC50 range of approximately 10 100 M depending on the context and cell type Based on these pharmacological properties eugenol holds research potential in the mitigation of oxidative stress gastric ulcer prevention and dental endodontic applications