A tricyclic antidepressant; binds to the norepinephrine and 5-HT transporters (Kd = 1.41 and 19.6 nM, respectively); binds to histamine H1, muscarinic acetylcholine, and α1-adrenergic receptors (Kds = 25, 25, and 130 nM, respectively); inhibits norepinephrine uptake into rat whole brain and hypothalamic synaptosomes (IC50s = 12 and 0.55 μM, respectively) and 5-HT uptake into rat whole brain synaptosomes (IC50 = 5.5 μM); inhibits food-induced cataplexy in narcoleptic dogs at 1 mg/kg, i.v.