Chemical. CAS 6138-23-4. Formula C12H22O11 . 2H2O. MW 378.33. Synthetic. Natural alpha-linked disaccharide formed by alpha-glucose units. Can be synthesized by bacteria, fungi, plants and invertebrate animals. It is implicated in anhydrobiosis, the ability of plants and animals to withstand prolonged periods of desiccation/dehydration. The sugar is thought to form a gel phase as cells dehydrate, which prevents disruption of internal cell organelles. Rehydration then allows normal cellular activity to be resumed without the major, lethal damage that would normally follow a dehydration/rehydration cycle. It has high water retention capabilities, and is used in food and cosmetics. Used as a cryoprotectant in a variety of cell freezing media, in solid dosage formulations, most notably in quick-dissolving tablets and to preserve foods, enzymes, vaccines, cells in a dehydrated state at room temperature. Major carbohydrate energy storage molecule used by insects for flight.