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Simmons Citrate Agar is used for the differentiation of microorganisms on the basis of citrate utilization in a laboratory setting. Simmons Citrate Agar is not intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions in humans. Koser first developed a liquid medium for differentiating coliforms from fecal coliforms. Fecal coliforms were unable to use citrate as the sole source of carbon and inorganic ammonium salt as a sole source of nitrogen. Non-fecal coliforms, such as Enterobacter aerogenes could use citrate in such a medium with resultant alkalinity. Liquid medium had the disadvantage of appearing turbid when a large inoculum was used, although no growth had taken place. This observation led Simmons to devise a solid medium that eliminated the problem with turbidity. Simmons Citrate Agar is a modification of Koser’s medium, with the addition of bromothymol blue and 1.5% agar.