Etoposide (VP-16) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor widely used in biomedical research to study mechanisms of DNA damage and cancer therapy It forms a stabilized complex with DNA and topoisomerase II preventing the enzyme-mediated religation of cleaved DNA strands Resulting DNA double-strand breaks lead to apoptosis particularly in rapidly dividing cancer cells Reported IC50 values vary across cell lines such as 59 2 M for topoisomerase II inhibition 30 16 M in HepG2 and 0 051 M for MOLT-3 indicating differential cytotoxic responses to etoposide in various cancer cell models