The Carbonate-Bicarbonate Buffer is commonly used to maintain pH levels above physiological pH, and is used extensively in molecular and cell biology. Applications of this buffer include its use as a coating buffer for microtiter plates prior to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or sandwich ELISA, and for protein and antibody conjugation procedures. The bicarbonate buffering system is also important in many different cellular processes such as to maintain pH.