An iridoid glycoside with diverse biological activities; reduces hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells from 0.25-12.5 µM; inhibits COX-1 activity (IC50 = 3.55 µM), as well as LPS-induced TNF-α formation (IC50 = 154.6 µM) in RAW 264.7 cells; reduces food intake, blood glucose levels, and serum triglyceride levels, as well as increases serum HDL levels in db/db diabetic mice at 20 and 100 mg/kg; attenuates scopolamine-induced memory deficits in the Morris water maze and passive avoidance test in mice; reduces serum and kidney AGE and MDA levels and improves renal function in a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy at 20 and 1,000 mg/kg