Metformin (CAS 657-24-9) is a biguanide compound widely employed as an antihyperglycemic agent in type II diabetes research Its primary mechanism involves enhancing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues and reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis leading to lower circulating glucose levels without directly inducing hypoglycemia Metformin is also associated with decreased fasting plasma insulin concentrations and modest weight reduction These properties make it a valuable small molecule for investigating metabolic regulation insulin resistance and therapeutic strategies for obesity-associated metabolic disorders in preclinical and clinical studies