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RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. RNAi controls can be used to accurately interpret the results of experiments involving the RNAi pathway.
CD2-like receptor activating cytotoxic cells (CRACC) also known as CS1 novel Ly9 SLAMF7 and CD319 is a 65-75 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the SLAM subgroup of the CD2 family Self-ligand receptor of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family SLAM receptors triggered by homo- or heterotypic cell-cell interactions are modulating the activation and differentiation of a wide variety of immune cells and thus are involved in the regulation and interconnection of both innate and adaptive immune response
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CD161 (NKRP1) is a lectin-like receptor present on NK cells and rare T-cell subsets We have observed CD161 expression in some cases of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) and found it to be useful in follow-up and detection of disease after treatment
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CD44 is a hyaluronan binding cell surface signal transducing receptor that influences motility cell survival and proliferation as well as the formation of tumor microenvironment CD44 contains two variable regions encoded by variable exons Alternative splicing which is often deregulated in cancer can produce various isoforms of CD44 with properties that may have different tissue specific effects and therefore even diverse effects on cancer progression
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CD52 also known as CAMPATH-1 antigen HE5 and gp20 is a cell surface glycoprotein that can be targeted to induce immune suppression by complement-mediated cell lysis Mature human CD52 is a 12 amino acid peptide that is tethered to the cell surface with a GPI linkage CD52 may play a role in carrying and orienting carbohydrate as well as having a more specific role
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CD160 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Ig domain protein that is expressed on almost all intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) T (gamma delta T) cells NK (natural killer) cells and a minor subset of CD4 and CD8 T cells In terms of function work has centered on the role of CD160 in enhancing NK or CD8 T cell activation Such effects have been attributed to the ability of CD160 to bind classical and nonclassical MHC class I molecules although with apparent low affinity requiring clustering of MHC class I molecules or overexpression of CD160 or MHC class I for detection of the interaction
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Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene PD-L1 is a 40 kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that has been speculated to play a major role in suppressing the immune system during particular events such as pregnancy tissue allografts autoimmune disease and other disease states such as hepatitis Normally the immune system reacts to foreign antigens where there is some accumulation in the lymph nodes or spleen which triggers a proliferation of antigen-specific CD8 T cell The formation of PD-1 receptor / PD-L1 or B7 1 receptor /PD-L1 ligand complex transmits an inhibitory signal which reduces the proliferation of these CD8 T cells at the lymph nodes and supplementary to that PD-1 is also able to control the accumulation of foreign antigen specific T cells in the lymph nodes through apoptosis which is further mediated by a lower regulation of the gene Bcl-2 PD-L
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NKG2D is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein having an extracellular lectin-like domain This domain lacks the recognizable calcium-binding sites found in true C-type lectins and binds protein rather than carbohydrate ligands Human NKG2D is expressed on CD8 alpha beta T cells gamma T cells NK cells and NKT cells
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Folate Receptor 1 (FOLR1) also known as Folate Receptor alpha and Folate Binding Protein (FBP) is a 37 - 42 kDa protein that mediates the cellular uptake of folic acid and reduced folates Dietary folates are required for many key metabolic processes including nucleotide and methionine synthesis the interconversion of glycine and serine and histidine breakdown FOLR1 binds to folate and reduced folic acid derivatives and mediates delivery of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folate analogs into the interior of cells Has high affinity for folate and folic acid analogs at neutral pH
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Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene PD-L1 is a 40 kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that has been speculated to play a major role in suppressing the immune system during particular events such as pregnancy tissue allografts autoimmune disease and other disease states such as hepatitis Normally the immune system reacts to foreign antigens where there is some accumulation in the lymph nodes or spleen which triggers a proliferation of antigen-specific CD8 T cell The formation of PD-1 receptor / PD-L1 or B7 1 receptor /PD-L1 ligand complex transmits an inhibitory signal which reduces the proliferation of these CD8 T cells at the lymph nodes and supplementary to that PD-1 is also able to control the accumulation of foreign antigen specific T cells in the lymph nodes through apoptosis which is further mediated by a lower regulation of the gene Bcl-2 PD-L
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Interleukin 17 (also known as CTLA 8) is a T cell expressed pleotropic cytokine IL 17 binds to IL 17 receptor (IL 17 R) which shares no homology with any known family of receptors While the expression of IL 17 is restricted to activated T cells the IL 17 R mRNA exhibits a broad tissue distribution and has been detected in virtually all cells and tissues tested The human IL 17 R gene was localized to chromosome 22
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The GLP1R a GPCR is found on pancreatic beta cells and brain neurons It regulates blood sugar by enhancing insulin secretion In humans it is encoded by the gene GLP1R on chromosome 6 GLP1R is part of the glucagon receptor GPCR family and comprises an extracellular domain that binds the C-terminal helix of GLP-1 and a transmembrane domain that binds the N-terminal region of GLP-1 The TMD domain contains polar residues that regulate biased signaling while the transmembrane helical boundaries and extracellular surface trigger biased agonism
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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors VEGF-R1 -R2 and -R3 play important roles in tumor angiogenesis and are associated with poor prognosis in several solid tumors VEGF-R1 -R2 and -R3 were highly expressed in CRC cells and stromal vessels VEGF-R1 strong positive staining correlated with shorter survival after CRC surgery
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