A mitochondrial peptide with diverse biological activities; increases osteogenic differentiation and the formation of calcified nodules in rat BMSCs at 1 µM; decreases 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate levels, increases accumulation of AICAR, and activates AMPK in HEK293 cells; increases glycolysis in HEK293 cells in an AMPK-dependent manner; increases glucose clearance in mice fed a normal diet at 0.5 mg/kg per day; increases skeletal muscle AMPK activation and GLUT4 expression, as well as prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity and hyperinsulinemia in CD-1 mice; increases AMPK activation, reduces protein levels of the AT1 and ETB receptors and left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and attenuates aortic calcification in a rat model of secondary myocardial remodeling