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TGF- 1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF- 1 superfamily that share a characteristic cystine knot structure TGF- 1 -2 and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines that act as cellular switches to regulate processes such as immune function proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition Each TGF- isoform has some non-redundant function for TGF- 1 mice with targeted deletion show defects in hematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation and died of overwhelming inflammation TGF- 1 signaling begins with high-affinity binding to a type II ser/thr kinase receptor termed TGF- RII This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a second ser/thr kinase receptor TGF- RI (also called activin receptor like kinase (ALK)-5) or alternatively ALK-1 This complex phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins that regulate transcription
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IgG antibody subtype is the most abundant serum immunoglobulins of the immune system. It is secreted by B cells and is found in blood and extracellular fluids and provides protection from infections caused by bacteria fungi and viruses. Maternal IgG is transferred to fetus through the placenta that is vital for immune defence of the neonate against infections Bovine IgG is purified from pooled normal bovine serum by fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography.
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