Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Additionally, it accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and triggers cardiac fibrosis through the activation of the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway. Trimethylamine N-oxide is also found in various marine organisms, where it offers protection against the adverse effects of temperature, salinity, high urea, and hydrostatic pressure.
- Induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome.
- Accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation.
- Triggers cardiac fibrosis through activation of the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.
- Provides protection against adverse effects of temperature, salinity, high urea, and hydrostatic pressure in marine organisms.