A derivative of Gly-Pro-Glu; decreases okadaic acid-induced cell death in primary rat embryonic striatal neurons at 10 nM; reduces brain expression of mRNA encoding IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and E-selectin in a penetrating ballistic-like brain injury-induced rat model of neuroinflammation; reduces cortical and striatal infarct area in a MCAO-induced rat model of brain injury at 30 and 60 mg/kg; reduces the number of dendritic spines and reverses deficits in social recognition and contextual fear conditioning, as well as decreases testicular weight gain, in an fmr1-/- knockout mouse model of fragile X syndrome at 100 mg/kg per day