A muscarinic receptor antagonist (IC50s 2.9 2 and 1.7 nM for M1 M2 and M3 receptors respectively) inhibits acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm in anesthetized guinea pigs (EC50 68 g/ml) prevents increases in airway resistance in a rat model of cadmium inhalation-induced chronic pulmonary inflammation with airspace enlargement at 0.2 mg/20 ml aerosolized and reduces neutrophil counts and total cell numbers in BALF and airspace enlargement in lungs when administered in combination with formoterol