A protease inhibitor; inhibits trypsin (Ki = 1 nM), as well as various inflammatory proteases, including plasmin, kallikrein, and thrombin; inhibits entry of VSV particles pseudotyped with SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in Calu-3 cells and primary human lung epithelial cells at 50 µM; reduces the number of SARS-CoV-2 genomic equivalents, a marker of infection, in Calu-3 cells; inhibits sodium channel function in human airway epithelial cells (IC50 = 50 nM); enhances mucociliary clearance in sheep; dietary administration inhibits the production of TNF-α and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) by monocytes, as well as proliferation of pancreatic stellate cells in a rat model of pancreatic fibrosis at 1 mg/kg