An α2-AR (EC50s = 1 receptor antagonist; binds to α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-ARs (Kis = 13, 38, and 1,820 nM, respectively) and selectively to I1 over I2 receptors (Kis = 52 and >10,000 nM, respectively); binds to putative I3 receptors on human pancreatic islets of Langerhans and stimulates insulin secretion at 100 μM; binds to rat RIN-5AH insulinoma cell membranes (IC50g = 32 nM) and stimulates insulin secretion at 100 μM; lowers basal blood glucose levels in mice at 5 mg/kg; increases L-DOPA synthesis in rat cortex and hippocampus by 77 and 57%, respectively at 10 mg/kg